Posts Tagged ‘iptraf’
20 Linux System Monitoring Tools Every SysAdmin Should Know
Written by bixuan on 2010年02月8号 – 17:31原文：http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/top-linux-monitoring-tools.html
by VIVEK GITE
Need to monitor Linux server performance? Try these built-in command and a few add-on tools. Most Linux distributions are equipped with tons of monitoring. These tools provide metrics which can be used to get information about system activities. You can use these tools to find the possible causes of a performance problem. The commands discussed below are some of the most basic commands when it comes to system analysis and debugging server issues such as:
- Finding out bottlenecks.
- Disk (storage) bottlenecks.
- CPU and memory bottlenecks.
- Network bottlenecks.
#1: top - Process Activity Command
The top program provides a dynamic real-time view of a running system i.e. actual process activity. By default, it displays the most CPU-intensive tasks running on the server and updates the list every five seconds.
Fig.01: Linux top command
Commonly Used Hot Keys
The top command provides several useful hot keys:
| Hot Key | Usage |
|---|---|
| t | Displays summary information off and on. |
| m | Displays memory information off and on. |
| A | Sorts the display by top consumers of various system resources. Useful for quick identification of performance-hungry tasks on a system. |
| f | Enters an interactive configuration screen for top. Helpful for setting up top for a specific task. |
| o | Enables you to interactively select the ordering within top. |
| r | Issues renice command. |
| k | Issues kill command. |
| z | Turn on or off color/mono |
=> Related: How do I Find Out Linux CPU Utilization?
#2: vmstat - System Activity, Hardware and System Information
The command vmstat reports information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, traps, and cpu activity.
# vmstat 3
Sample Outputs:
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------ r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st 0 0 0 2540988 522188 5130400 0 0 2 32 4 2 4 1 96 0 0 1 0 0 2540988 522188 5130400 0 0 0 720 1199 665 1 0 99 0 0 0 0 0 2540956 522188 5130400 0 0 0 0 1151 1569 4 1 95 0 0 0 0 0 2540956 522188 5130500 0 0 0 6 1117 439 1 0 99 0 0 0 0 0 2540940 522188 5130512 0 0 0 536 1189 932 1 0 98 0 0 0 0 0 2538444 522188 5130588 0 0 0 0 1187 1417 4 1 96 0 0 0 0 0 2490060 522188 5130640 0 0 0 18 1253 1123 5 1 94 0 0
Display Memory Utilization Slabinfo
# vmstat -m
Get Information About Active / Inactive Memory Pages
# vmstat -a
=> Related: How do I find out Linux Resource utilization to detect system bottlenecks?
#3: w - Find Out Who Is Logged on And What They Are Doing
w command displays information about the users currently on the machine, and their processes.
# w username
# w vivek
Sample Outputs:
17:58:47 up 5 days, 20:28, 2 users, load average: 0.36, 0.26, 0.24 USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT root pts/0 10.1.3.145 14:55 5.00s 0.04s 0.02s vim /etc/resolv.conf root pts/1 10.1.3.145 17:43 0.00s 0.03s 0.00s w
#4: uptime - Tell How Long The System Has Been Running
The uptime command can be used to see how long the server has been running. The current time, how long the system has been running, how many users are currently logged on, and the system load averages for the past 1, 5, and 15 minutes.
# uptime
Output:
18:02:41 up 41 days, 23:42, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
1 can be considered as optimal load value. The load can change from system to system. For a single CPU system 1 - 3 and SMP systems 6-10 load value might be acceptable.
#5: ps - Displays The Processes
ps command will report a snapshot of the current processes. To select all processes use the -A or -e option:
# ps -A
Sample Outputs:
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:02 init
2 ? 00:00:02 migration/0
3 ? 00:00:01 ksoftirqd/0
4 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/0
5 ? 00:00:00 migration/1
6 ? 00:00:15 ksoftirqd/1
....
.....
4881 ? 00:53:28 java
4885 tty1 00:00:00 mingetty
4886 tty2 00:00:00 mingetty
4887 tty3 00:00:00 mingetty
4888 tty4 00:00:00 mingetty
4891 tty5 00:00:00 mingetty
4892 tty6 00:00:00 mingetty
4893 ttyS1 00:00:00 agetty
12853 ? 00:00:00 cifsoplockd
12854 ? 00:00:00 cifsdnotifyd
14231 ? 00:10:34 lighttpd
14232 ? 00:00:00 php-cgi
54981 pts/0 00:00:00 vim
55465 ? 00:00:00 php-cgi
55546 ? 00:00:00 bind9-snmp-stat
55704 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
ps is just like top but provides more information.
Show Long Format Output
# ps -Al
To turn on extra full mode (it will show command line arguments passed to process):
# ps -AlF
To See Threads ( LWP and NLWP)
# ps -AlFH
To See Threads After Processes
# ps -AlLm
Print All Process On The Server
# ps ax
# ps axu
Print A Process Tree
# ps -ejH
# ps axjf
# pstree
Print Security Information
# ps -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label
# ps axZ
# ps -eM
See Every Process Running As User Vivek
# ps -U vivek -u vivek u
Set Output In a User-Defined Format
# ps -eo pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm
# ps axo stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm
# ps -eopid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan
Display Only The Process IDs of Lighttpd
# ps -C lighttpd -o pid=
OR
# pgrep lighttpd
OR
# pgrep -u vivek php-cgi
Display The Name of PID 55977
# ps -p 55977 -o comm=
Find Out The Top 10 Memory Consuming Process
# ps -auxf | sort -nr -k 4 | head -10
Find Out top 10 CPU Consuming Process
# ps -auxf | sort -nr -k 3 | head -10
#6: free - Memory Usage
The command free displays the total amount of free and used physical and swap memory in the system, as well as the buffers used by the kernel.
# free
Sample Output:
total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 12302896 9739664 2563232 0 523124 5154740 -/+ buffers/cache: 4061800 8241096 Swap: 1052248 0 1052248
=> Related: :
- Linux Find Out Virtual Memory PAGESIZE
- Linux Limit CPU Usage Per Process
- How much RAM does my Ubuntu / Fedora Linux desktop PC have?
#7: iostat - Average CPU Load, Disk Activity
The command iostat report Central Processing Unit (CPU) statistics and input/output statistics for devices, partitions and network filesystems (NFS).
# iostat
Sample Outputs:
Linux 2.6.18-128.1.14.el5 (www03.nixcraft.in) 06/26/2009
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
3.50 0.09 0.51 0.03 0.00 95.86
Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn
sda 22.04 31.88 512.03 16193351 260102868
sda1 0.00 0.00 0.00 2166 180
sda2 22.04 31.87 512.03 16189010 260102688
sda3 0.00 0.00 0.00 1615 0
=> Related: : Linux Track NFS Directory / Disk I/O Stats
#8: sar - Collect and Report System Activity
The sar command is used to collect, report, and save system activity information. To see network counter, enter:
# sar -n DEV | more
To display the network counters from the 24th:
# sar -n DEV -f /var/log/sa/sa24 | more
You can also display real time usage using sar:
# sar 4 5
Sample Outputs:
Linux 2.6.18-128.1.14.el5 (www03.nixcraft.in) 06/26/2009 06:45:12 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 06:45:16 PM all 2.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 97.78 06:45:20 PM all 2.07 0.00 0.38 0.03 0.00 97.52 06:45:24 PM all 0.94 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.00 98.78 06:45:28 PM all 1.56 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 98.22 06:45:32 PM all 3.53 0.00 0.25 0.03 0.00 96.19 Average: all 2.02 0.00 0.27 0.01 0.00 97.70
=> Related: : How to collect Linux system utilization data into a file
#9: mpstat - Multiprocessor Usage
The mpstat command displays activities for each available processor, processor 0 being the first one. mpstat -P ALL to display average CPU utilization per processor:
# mpstat -P ALL
Sample Output:
Linux 2.6.18-128.1.14.el5 (www03.nixcraft.in) 06/26/2009 06:48:11 PM CPU %user %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %idle intr/s 06:48:11 PM all 3.50 0.09 0.34 0.03 0.01 0.17 0.00 95.86 1218.04 06:48:11 PM 0 3.44 0.08 0.31 0.02 0.00 0.12 0.00 96.04 1000.31 06:48:11 PM 1 3.10 0.08 0.32 0.09 0.02 0.11 0.00 96.28 34.93 06:48:11 PM 2 4.16 0.11 0.36 0.02 0.00 0.11 0.00 95.25 0.00 06:48:11 PM 3 3.77 0.11 0.38 0.03 0.01 0.24 0.00 95.46 44.80 06:48:11 PM 4 2.96 0.07 0.29 0.04 0.02 0.10 0.00 96.52 25.91 06:48:11 PM 5 3.26 0.08 0.28 0.03 0.01 0.10 0.00 96.23 14.98 06:48:11 PM 6 4.00 0.10 0.34 0.01 0.00 0.13 0.00 95.42 3.75 06:48:11 PM 7 3.30 0.11 0.39 0.03 0.01 0.46 0.00 95.69 76.89
=> Related: : Linux display each multiple SMP CPU processors utilization individually.
#10: pmap - Process Memory Usage
The command pmap report memory map of a process. Use this command to find out causes of memory bottlenecks.
# pmap -d PID
To display process memory information for pid # 47394, enter:
# pmap -d 47394
Sample Outputs:
47394: /usr/bin/php-cgi Address Kbytes Mode Offset Device Mapping 0000000000400000 2584 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00002 php-cgi 0000000000886000 140 rw--- 0000000000286000 008:00002 php-cgi 00000000008a9000 52 rw--- 00000000008a9000 000:00000 [ anon ] 0000000000aa8000 76 rw--- 00000000002a8000 008:00002 php-cgi 000000000f678000 1980 rw--- 000000000f678000 000:00000 [ anon ] 000000314a600000 112 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00002 ld-2.5.so 000000314a81b000 4 r---- 000000000001b000 008:00002 ld-2.5.so 000000314a81c000 4 rw--- 000000000001c000 008:00002 ld-2.5.so 000000314aa00000 1328 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00002 libc-2.5.so 000000314ab4c000 2048 ----- 000000000014c000 008:00002 libc-2.5.so ..... ...... .. 00002af8d48fd000 4 rw--- 0000000000006000 008:00002 xsl.so 00002af8d490c000 40 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00002 libnss_files-2.5.so 00002af8d4916000 2044 ----- 000000000000a000 008:00002 libnss_files-2.5.so 00002af8d4b15000 4 r---- 0000000000009000 008:00002 libnss_files-2.5.so 00002af8d4b16000 4 rw--- 000000000000a000 008:00002 libnss_files-2.5.so 00002af8d4b17000 768000 rw-s- 0000000000000000 000:00009 zero (deleted) 00007fffc95fe000 84 rw--- 00007ffffffea000 000:00000 [ stack ] ffffffffff600000 8192 ----- 0000000000000000 000:00000 [ anon ] mapped: 933712K writeable/private: 4304K shared: 768000K
The last line is very important:
- mapped: 933712K total amount of memory mapped to files
- writeable/private: 4304K the amount of private address space
- shared: 768000K the amount of address space this process is sharing with others
=> Related: : Linux find the memory used by a program / process using pmap command
#11 and #12: netstat and ss - Network Statistics
The command netstat displays network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships. ss command is used to dump socket statistics. It allows showing information similar to netstat. See the following resources about ss and netstat commands:
- ss: Display Linux TCP / UDP Network and Socket Information
- Get Detailed Information About Particular IP address Connections Using netstat Command
#13: iptraf - Real-time Network Statistics
The iptraf command is interactive colorful IP LAN monitor. It is an ncurses-based IP LAN monitor that generates various network statistics including TCP info, UDP counts, ICMP and OSPF information, Ethernet load info, node stats, IP checksum errors, and others. It can provide the following info in easy to read format:
- Network traffic statistics by TCP connection
- IP traffic statistics by network interface
- Network traffic statistics by protocol
- Network traffic statistics by TCP/UDP port and by packet size
- Network traffic statistics by Layer2 address
Fig.02: General interface statistics: IP traffic statistics by network interface
Fig.03 Network traffic statistics by TCP connection
#14: tcpdump - Detailed Network Traffic Analysis
The tcpdump is simple command that dump traffic on a network. However, you need good understanding of TCP/IP protocol to utilize this tool. For.e.g to display traffic info about DNS, enter:
# tcpdump -i eth1 'udp port 53'
To display all IPv4 HTTP packets to and from port 80, i.e. print only packets that contain data, not, for example, SYN and FIN packets and ACK-only packets, enter:
# tcpdump 'tcp port 80 and (((ip[2:2] - ((ip[0]&0xf)<<2)) - ((tcp[12]&0xf0)>>2)) != 0)’
To display all FTP session to 202.54.1.5, enter:
# tcpdump -i eth1 'dst 202.54.1.5 and (port 21 or 20'
To display all HTTP session to 192.168.1.5:
# tcpdump -ni eth0 'dst 192.168.1.5 and tcp and port http'
Use wireshark to view detailed information about files, enter:
# tcpdump -n -i eth1 -s 0 -w output.txt src or dst port 80
#15: strace - System Calls
Trace system calls and signals. This is useful for debugging webserver and other server problems. See how to use to trace the process and see What it is doing.
#16: /Proc file system - Various Kernel Statistics
/proc file system provides detailed information about various hardware devices and other Linux kernel information. See Linux kernel /proc documentations for further details. Common /proc examples:
# cat /proc/cpuinfo
# cat /proc/meminfo
# cat /proc/zoneinfo
# cat /proc/mounts
17#: Nagios - Server And Network Monitoring
Nagios is a popular open source computer system and network monitoring application software. You can easily monitor all your hosts, network equipment and services. It can send alert when things go wrong and again when they get better. FAN is “Fully Automated Nagios”. FAN goals are to provide a Nagios installation including most tools provided by the Nagios Community. FAN provides a CDRom image in the standard ISO format, making it easy to easilly install a Nagios server. Added to this, a wide bunch of tools are including to the distribution, in order to improve the user experience around Nagios.
18#: Cacti - Web-based Monitoring Tool
Cacti is a complete network graphing solution designed to harness the power of RRDTool’s data storage and graphing functionality. Cacti provides a fast poller, advanced graph templating, multiple data acquisition methods, and user management features out of the box. All of this is wrapped in an intuitive, easy to use interface that makes sense for LAN-sized installations up to complex networks with hundreds of devices. It can provide data about network, CPU, memory, logged in users, Apache, DNS servers and much more. See how to install and configure Cacti network graphing tool under CentOS / RHEL.
#19: KDE System Guard - Real-time Systems Reporting and Graphing
KSysguard is a network enabled task and system monitor application for KDE desktop. This tool can be run over ssh session. It provides lots of features such as a client/server architecture that enables monitoring of local and remote hosts. The graphical front end uses so-called sensors to retrieve the information it displays. A sensor can return simple values or more complex information like tables. For each type of information, one or more displays are provided. Displays are organized in worksheets that can be saved and loaded independently from each other. So, KSysguard is not only a simple task manager but also a very powerful tool to control large server farms.
Fig.05 KDE System Guard {Image credit: Wikipedia}
See the KSysguard handbook for detailed usage.
#20: Gnome System Monitor - Real-time Systems Reporting and Graphing
The System Monitor application enables you to display basic system information and monitor system processes, usage of system resources, and file systems. You can also use System Monitor to modify the behavior of your system. Although not as powerful as the KDE System Guard, it provides the basic information which may be useful for new users:
- Displays various basic information about the computer’s hardware and software.
- Linux Kernel version
- GNOME version
- Hardware
- Installed memory
- Processors and speeds
- System Status
- Currently available disk space
- Processes
- Memory and swap space
- Network usage
- File Systems
- Lists all mounted filesystems along with basic information about each.
Fig.06 The Gnome System Monitor application
Bounce: Additional Tools
A few more tools:
- nmap - scan your server for open ports.
- lsof - list open files, network connections and much more.
- ntop web based tool - ntop is the best tool to see network usage in a way similar to what top command does for processes i.e. it is network traffic monitoring software. You can see network status, protocol wise distribution of traffic for UDP, TCP, DNS, HTTP and other protocols.
- Conky - Another good monitoring tool for the X Window System. It is highly configurable and is able to monitor many system variables including the status of the CPU, memory, swap space, disk storage, temperatures, processes, network interfaces, battery power, system messages, e-mail inboxes etc.
- GKrellM - It can be used to monitor the status of CPUs, main memory, hard disks, network interfaces, local and remote mailboxes, and many other things.
- vnstat - vnStat is a console-based network traffic monitor. It keeps a log of hourly, daily and monthly network traffic for the selected interface(s).
- htop - htop is an enhanced version of top, the interactive process viewer, which can display the list of processes in a tree form.
- mtr - mtr combines the functionality of the traceroute and ping programs in a single network diagnostic tool.
Did I miss something? Please add your favorite system motoring tool in the comments.
Tags: catcti, free, gnome, htop, iptraf, kde, linux, monitor, mtr, netstat, pmap, sar, ss, strace, sysadmin, tcpdump, tool, top, vmstat, vnstat
Posted in 运维小技巧 | 2 Comments »
Linux System and Performance Monitoring(Network篇)
Written by bixuan on 2009年08月13号 – 21:36Linux System and Performance Monitoring(Network篇)
Date: 2009.07.21
Author: Darren Hoch
译: Tonnyom[AT]hotmail.com
接前3篇：
Linux System and Performance Monitoring(CPU篇)
Linux System and Performance Monitoring(Memory篇)
Linux System and Performance Monitoring(I/O篇)
8.0 Network 监控介绍
在所有的子系统监控中,网络是最困难的.这主要是由于网络概念很抽象.当监控系统上的网络性能,这有太多因素.这些因素包括了延迟,冲突,拥挤和数据包丢失.
这个章节讨论怎么样检查Ethernet(译注:网卡),IP,TCP的性能.
8.1 Ethernet Configuration Settings(译注:网卡配置的设置)
除非很明确的指定,几乎所有的网卡都是自适应网络速度.当一个网络中有很多不同的网络设备时,会各自采用不同的速率和工作模式.
多数商业网络都运行在100 或 1000BaseTX.使用ethtool 可以确定这个系统是处于那种速率.
以下的例子中,是一个有100BaseTX 网卡的系统,自动协商适应至10BaseTX 的情况.
# ethtool eth0
Settings for eth0:
Supported ports: [ TP MII ]
Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
Supports auto-negotiation: Yes
Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes
Speed: 10Mb/s
Duplex: Half
Port: MII
PHYAD: 32
Transceiver: internal
Auto-negotiation: on
Supports Wake-on: pumbg
Wake-on: d
Current message level: 0×00000007 (7)
Link detected: yes
以下示范例子中,如何强制网卡速率调整至100BaseTX:
# ethtool -s eth0 speed 100 duplex full autoneg off
# ethtool eth0
Settings for eth0:
Supported ports: [ TP MII ]
Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
Supports auto-negotiation: Yes
Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
Advertised auto-negotiation: No
Speed: 100Mb/s
Duplex: Full
Port: MII
PHYAD: 32
Transceiver: internal
Auto-negotiation: off
Supports Wake-on: pumbg
Wake-on: d
Current message level: 0×00000007 (7)
Link detected: yes
8.2 Monitoring Network Throughput(译注:网络吞吐量监控)
接口之间的同步并不意味着仅仅有带宽问题.重要的是,如何管理并优化,这2台主机之间的交换机,网线,或者路由器.测试网络吞吐量最好的方式就是,在这2个系统之间互相发送数据传输并统计下来,比如延迟和速度.
8.2.0 使用iptraf 查看本地吞吐量
iptraf 工具(http://iptraf.seul.org),提供了每个网卡吞吐量的仪表盘.
#iptraf -d eth0
Figure 1: Monitoring for Network Throughput
从输出中可看到,该系统发送传输率(译注:Outgoing rates)为 61 mbps,这对于100 mbps网络来说,有点慢.
8.2.1 使用netperf 查看终端吞吐量
不同于iptraf 被动的在本地监控流量,netperf 工具可以让管理员,执行更加可控的吞吐量监控.对于确定从客户端工作站到一个高负荷的服务器端(比如file 或web server),它们之间有多少吞吐量是非常有帮助的.netperf 工具运行的是client/server 模式.
完成一个基本可控吞吐量测试,首先netperf server 必须运行在服务器端系统上:
server# netserver
Starting netserver at port 12865
Starting netserver at hostname 0.0.0.0 port 12865 and family AF_UNSPEC
netperf 工具可能需要进行多重采样.多数基本测试就是一次标准的吞吐量测试.以下例子就是,一个LAN(译注:局域网) 环境下,从client 上执行一次30秒的TCP 吞吐量采样:
从输出可看出,该网络的吞吐量大致在89 mbps 左右.server(192.168.1.215) 与client 在同一LAN 中.这对于100 mbps网络来说,性能非常好.
client# netperf -H 192.168.1.215 -l 30
TCP STREAM TEST from 0.0.0.0 (0.0.0.0) port 0 AF_INET to
192.168.1.230 (192.168.1.230) port 0 AF_INET
Recv Send Send
Socket Socket Message Elapsed
Size Size Size Time Throughput
bytes bytes bytes secs. 10^6bits/sec
87380 16384 16384 30.02 89.46
从LAN 切换到具备54G(译注:Wireless-G是未来54Mbps无线网联网标准)无线网络路由器中,并在10 英尺范围内测试时.该吞吐量就急剧的下降.在最大就为54 MBits的可能下,笔记本电脑可实现总吞吐量就为14 MBits.
client# netperf -H 192.168.1.215 -l 30
TCP STREAM TEST from 0.0.0.0 (0.0.0.0) port 0 AF_INET to
192.168.1.215 (192.168.1.215) port 0 AF_INET
Recv Send Send
Socket Socket Message Elapsed
Size Size Size Time Throughput
bytes bytes bytes secs. 10^6bits/sec
87380 16384 16384 30.10 14.09
如果在50英尺范围内呢,则进一步会下降至5 MBits.
# netperf -H 192.168.1.215 -l 30
TCP STREAM TEST from 0.0.0.0 (0.0.0.0) port 0 AF_INET to
192.168.1.215 (192.168.1.215) port 0 AF_INET
Recv Send Send
Socket Socket Message Elapsed
Size Size Size Time Throughput
bytes bytes bytes secs. 10^6bits/sec
87380 16384 16384 30.64 5.05
如果从LAN 切换到互联网上,则吞吐量跌至1 Mbits下了.
# netperf -H litemail.org -p 1500 -l 30
TCP STREAM TEST from 0.0.0.0 (0.0.0.0) port 0 AF_INET to
litemail.org (72.249.104.14 
port 0 AF_INET
Recv Send Send
Socket Socket Message Elapsed
Size Size Size Time Throughput
bytes bytes bytes secs. 10^6bits/sec
87380 16384 16384 31.58 0.93
最后是一个VPN 连接环境,这是所有网络环境中最槽糕的吞吐量了.
# netperf -H 10.0.1.129 -l 30
TCP STREAM TEST from 0.0.0.0 (0.0.0.0) port 0 AF_INET to
10.0.1.129 (10.0.1.129) port 0 AF_INET
Recv Send Send
Socket Socket Message Elapsed
Size Size Size Time Throughput
bytes bytes bytes secs. 10^6bits/sec
87380 16384 16384 31.99 0.51
另外,netperf 可以帮助测试每秒总计有多少的TCP 请求和响应数.通过建立单一TCP 连接并顺序地发送多个请求/响应(ack 包来回在1个byte 大小).有点类似于RDBMS 程序在执行多个交易或者邮件服务器在同一个连接管道中发送邮件.
以下例子在30 秒的持续时间内,模拟TCP 请求/响应:
client# netperf -t TCP_RR -H 192.168.1.230 -l 30
TCP REQUEST/RESPONSE TEST from 0.0.0.0 (0.0.0.0) port 0 AF_INET
to 192.168.1.230 (192.168.1.230) port 0 AF_INET
Local /Remote
Socket Size Request Resp. Elapsed Trans.
Send Recv Size Size Time Rate
bytes Bytes bytes bytes secs. per sec
16384 87380 1 1 30.00 4453.80
16384 87380
在输出中看出,这个网络支持的处理速率为每秒4453 psh/ack(包大小为1 byte).这其实是理想状态下,因为实际情况时,多数requests(译注:请求),特别是responses(译注:响应),都大于1 byte.
现实情况下,netperf 一般requests 默认使用2K大小,responses 默认使用32K大小:
client# netperf -t TCP_RR -H 192.168.1.230 -l 30 — -r 2048,32768
TCP REQUEST/RESPONSE TEST from 0.0.0.0 (0.0.0.0) port 0 AF_INET to
192.168.1.230 (192.168.1.230) port 0 AF_INET
Local /Remote
Socket Size Request Resp. Elapsed Trans.
Send Recv Size Size Time Rate
bytes Bytes bytes bytes secs. per sec
16384 87380 2048 32768 30.00 222.37
16384 87380
这个处理速率减少到了每秒222.
8.2.2 使用iperf 评估网络效率
基于都是需要在2端检查连接情况下,iperf 和netperf 很相似.不同的是,iperf 更深入的通过windows size和QOS 设备来检查TCP/UDP 的效率情况.这个工具,是给需要优化TCP/IP stacks以及测试这些stacks 效率的管理员们量身定做的.
iperf 作为一个二进制程序,可运行在server 或者client 任一模式下.默认使用50001 端口.
首先启动server 端(192.168.1.215):
server# iperf -s -D
Running Iperf Server as a daemon
The Iperf daemon process ID : 3655
————————————————————
Server listening on TCP port 5001
TCP window size: 85.3 KByte (default)
————————————————————
在以下例子里,一个无线网络环境下,其中client 端重复运行iperf,用于测试网络的吞吐量情况.这个环境假定处于被充分利用状态,很多主机都在下载ISO images文件.
首先client 端连接到server 端(192.168.1.215),并在总计60秒时间内,每5秒进行一次带宽测试的采样.
client# iperf -c 192.168.1.215 -t 60 -i 5
————————————————————
Client connecting to 192.168.1.215, TCP port 5001
TCP window size: 25.6 KByte (default)
————————————————————
[ 3] local 192.168.224.150 port 51978 connected with
192.168.1.215 port 5001
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth
[ 3] 0.0- 5.0 sec 6.22 MBytes 10.4 Mbits/sec
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth
[ 3] 5.0-10.0 sec 6.05 MBytes 10.1 Mbits/sec
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth
[ 3] 10.0-15.0 sec 5.55 MBytes 9.32 Mbits/sec
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth
[ 3] 15.0-20.0 sec 5.19 MBytes 8.70 Mbits/sec
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth
[ 3] 20.0-25.0 sec 4.95 MBytes 8.30 Mbits/sec
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth
[ 3] 25.0-30.0 sec 5.21 MBytes 8.74 Mbits/sec
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth
[ 3] 30.0-35.0 sec 2.55 MBytes 4.29 Mbits/sec
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth
[ 3] 35.0-40.0 sec 5.87 MBytes 9.84 Mbits/sec
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth
[ 3] 40.0-45.0 sec 5.69 MBytes 9.54 Mbits/sec
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth
[ 3] 45.0-50.0 sec 5.64 MBytes 9.46 Mbits/sec
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth
[ 3] 50.0-55.0 sec 4.55 MBytes 7.64 Mbits/sec
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth
[ 3] 55.0-60.0 sec 4.47 MBytes 7.50 Mbits/sec
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth
[ 3] 0.0-60.0 sec 61.9 MBytes 8.66 Mbits/sec
这台主机的其他网络传输,也会影响到这部分的带宽采样.所以可以看到总计60秒时间内,都在4 - 10 MBits 上下起伏.
除了TCP 测试之外,iperf 的UDP 测试主要是评估包丢失和抖动.
接下来的iperf 测试,是在同样的54Mbit G标准无线网络中.在早期的示范例子中,目前的吞吐量只有9 Mbits.
# iperf -c 192.168.1.215 -b 10M
WARNING: option -b implies udp testing
————————————————————
Client connecting to 192.168.1.215, UDP port 5001
Sending 1470 byte datagrams
UDP buffer size: 107 KByte (default)
————————————————————
[ 3] local 192.168.224.150 port 33589 connected with 192.168.1.215 port 5001
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth
[ 3] 0.0-10.0 sec 11.8 MBytes 9.90 Mbits/sec
[ 3] Sent 8420 datagrams
[ 3] Server Report:
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth Jitter Lost/Total Datagrams
[ 3] 0.0-10.0 sec 6.50 MBytes 5.45 Mbits/sec 0.480 ms 3784/ 8419 (45%)
[ 3] 0.0-10.0 sec 1 datagrams received out-of-order
从输出中可看出,在尝试传输10M 的数据时,实际上只产生了5.45M.却有45% 的包丢失.
8.3 Individual Connections with tcptrace
tcptrace 工具提供了对于某一具体连接里,详细的TCP 相关信息.该工具使用libcap 来分析某一具体TCP sessions.该工具汇报的信息,有时很难在某一TCP stream被发现.这些信息
包括了有:
1,TCP Retransmissions(译注:IP 转播) - 所有数据大小被发送所需的包总额
2,TCP Windows Sizes - 连接速度慢与小的windows sizes 有关
3,Total throughput of the connection - 连接的吞吐量
4,Connection duration - 连接的持续时间
8.3.1 案例学习 - 使用tcptrace
tcptrace 工具可能已经在部分Linux 发布版中有安装包了,该文作者通过网站,下载的是源码安装包:http://dag.wieers.com/rpm/packages /tcptrace.tcptrace 需要libcap 基于文件输入方式使用.在tcptrace 没有选项的情况下,默认每个唯一的连接过程都将被捕获.
以下例子是,使用libcap 基于输入文件为bigstuff:
# tcptrace bigstuff
1 arg remaining, starting with ‘bigstuff’
Ostermann’s tcptrace — version 6.6.7 — Thu Nov 4, 2004
146108 packets seen, 145992 TCP packets traced
elapsed wallclock time: 0:00:01.634065, 89413 pkts/sec analyzed
trace file elapsed time: 0:09:20.358860
TCP connection info:
1: 192.168.1.60:pcanywherestat - 192.168.1.102:2571 (a2b) 404> 450< 2: 192.168.1.60:3356 - ftp.strongmail.net:21 (c2d) 35> 21< 3: 192.168.1.60:3825 - ftp.strongmail.net:65023 (e2f) 5> 4< (complete) 4: 192.168.1.102:1339 - 205.188.8.194:5190 (g2h) 6> 6< 5: 192.168.1.102:1490 - cs127.msg.mud.yahoo.com:5050 (i2j) 5> 5< 6: py-in-f111.google.com:993 - 192.168.1.102:3785 (k2l) 13> 14<
上面的输出中,每个连接都有对应的源主机和目的主机.tcptrace 使用-l 和-o 选项可查看某一连接更详细的数据.
以下的结果,就是在bigstuff 文件中,#16 连接的相关统计数据:
# tcptrace -l -o1 bigstuff
1 arg remaining, starting with ‘bigstuff’
Ostermann’s tcptrace — version 6.6.7 — Thu Nov 4, 2004
146108 packets seen, 145992 TCP packets traced
elapsed wallclock time: 0:00:00.529361, 276008 pkts/sec analyzed
trace file elapsed time: 0:09:20.358860
TCP connection info:
32 TCP connections traced:
TCP connection 1:
host a: 192.168.1.60:pcanywherestat
host b: 192.168.1.102:2571
complete conn: no (SYNs: 0) (FINs: 0)
first packet: Sun Jul 20 15:58:05.472983 2008
last packet: Sun Jul 20 16:00:04.564716 2008
elapsed time: 0:01:59.091733
total packets: 854
filename: bigstuff
a->b: b->a:
total packets: 404 total packets: 450
ack pkts sent: 404 ack pkts sent: 450
pure acks sent: 13 pure acks sent: 320
sack pkts sent: 0 sack pkts sent: 0
dsack pkts sent: 0 dsack pkts sent: 0
max sack blks/ack: 0 max sack blks/ack: 0
unique bytes sent: 52608 unique bytes sent: 10624
actual data pkts: 391 actual data pkts: 130
actual data bytes: 52608 actual data bytes: 10624
rexmt data pkts: 0 rexmt data pkts: 0
rexmt data bytes: 0 rexmt data bytes: 0
zwnd probe pkts: 0 zwnd probe pkts: 0
zwnd probe bytes: 0 zwnd probe bytes: 0
outoforder pkts: 0 outoforder pkts: 0
pushed data pkts: 391 pushed data pkts: 130
SYN/FIN pkts sent: 0/0 SYN/FIN pkts sent: 0/0
urgent data pkts: 0 pkts urgent data pkts: 0 pkts
urgent data bytes: 0 bytes urgent data bytes: 0 bytes
mss requested: 0 bytes mss requested: 0 bytes
max segm size: 560 bytes max segm size: 176 bytes
min segm size: 48 bytes min segm size: 80 bytes
avg segm size: 134 bytes avg segm size: 81 bytes
max win adv: 19584 bytes max win adv: 65535 bytes
min win adv: 19584 bytes min win adv: 64287 bytes
zero win adv: 0 times zero win adv: 0 times
avg win adv: 19584 bytes avg win adv: 64949 bytes
initial window: 160 bytes initial window: 0 bytes
initial window: 2 pkts initial window: 0 pkts
ttl stream length: NA ttl stream length: NA
missed data: NA missed data: NA
truncated data: 36186 bytes truncated data: 5164 bytes
truncated packets: 391 pkts truncated packets: 130 pkts
data xmit time: 119.092 secs data xmit time: 116.954 secs
idletime max: 441267.1 ms idletime max: 441506.3 ms
throughput: 442 Bps throughput: 89 Bps
8.3.2 案例学习 - 计算转播率
几乎不可能确定说哪个连接会有严重不足的转播问题,只是需要分析,使用tcptrace 工具可以通过过滤机制和布尔表达式来找出出问题的连接.一个很繁忙的网络中,会有很多的连接,几乎所有的连接都会有转播.找出其中最多的一个,这就是问题的关键.
下面的例子里,tcptrace 将找出那些转播大于100 segments(译注:分段数)的连接:
# tcptrace -f’rexmit_segs>100′ bigstuff
Output filter: ((c_rexmit_segs>100)OR(s_rexmit_segs>100))
1 arg remaining, starting with ‘bigstuff’
Ostermann’s tcptrace — version 6.6.7 — Thu Nov 4, 2004
146108 packets seen, 145992 TCP packets traced
elapsed wallclock time: 0:00:00.687788, 212431 pkts/sec analyzed
trace file elapsed time: 0:09:20.358860
TCP connection info:
16: ftp.strongmail.net:65014 - 192.168.1.60:2158 (ae2af) 18695> 9817< 在这个输出中,是#16 这个连接里,超过了100 转播.现在,使用以下命令查看关于这个连接的其他信息: # tcptrace -l -o16 bigstuff arg remaining, starting with ‘bigstuff’ Ostermann’s tcptrace — version 6.6.7 — Thu Nov 4, 2004 146108 packets seen, 145992 TCP packets traced elapsed wallclock time: 0:00:01.355964, 107752 pkts/sec analyzed trace file elapsed time: 0:09:20.358860 TCP connection info: 32 TCP connections traced: ================================ TCP connection 16: host ae: ftp.strongmail.net:65014 host af: 192.168.1.60:2158 complete conn: no (SYNs: 0) (FINs: 1) first packet: Sun Jul 20 16:04:33.257606 2008 last packet: Sun Jul 20 16:07:22.317987 2008 elapsed time: 0:02:49.060381 total packets: 28512 filename: bigstuff ae->af: af->ae:
unique bytes sent: 25534744 unique bytes sent: 0
actual data pkts: 18695 actual data pkts: 0
actual data bytes: 25556632 actual data bytes: 0
rexmt data pkts: 1605 rexmt data pkts: 0
rexmt data bytes: 2188780 rexmt data bytes: 0
计算转播率:
rexmt/actual * 100 = Retransmission rate
1605/18695* 100 = 8.5%
这个慢连接的原因,就是因为它有8.5% 的转播率.
8.3.3 案例学习 - 计算转播时间
tcptrace 工具有一系列的模块展示不同的数据,按照属性,其中就有protocol(译注:协议),port(译注:端口),time等等.Slice module使得你可观察在一段时间内的TCP 性能.你可以在一系列的转发过程中,查看其他性能数据,以确定找出瓶颈.
以下例子示范了,tcptrace 是怎样使用slice 模式的:
# tcptrace –xslice bigfile
以上命令会创建一个slice.dat 文件在现在的工作目录中.这个文件内容,包含是每15秒间隔内转播的相关信息:
# ls -l slice.dat
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 3430 Jul 10 22:50 slice.dat
# more slice.dat
date segs bytes rexsegs rexbytes new active
————— ——– ——– ——– ——– ——– ——–
22:19:41.913288 46 5672 0 0 1 1
22:19:56.913288 131 25688 0 0 0 1
22:20:11.913288 0 0 0 0 0 0
22:20:26.913288 5975 4871128 0 0 0 1
22:20:41.913288 31049 25307256 0 0 0 1
22:20:56.913288 23077 19123956 40 59452 0 1
22:21:11.913288 26357 21624373 5 7500 0 1
22:21:26.913288 20975 17248491 3 4500 12 13
22:21:41.913288 24234 19849503 10 15000 3 5
22:21:56.913288 27090 22269230 36 53999 0 2
22:22:11.913288 22295 18315923 9 12856 0 2
22:22:26.913288 8858 7304603 3 4500 0 1
8.4 结论
监控网络性能由以下几个部分组成:
1,检查并确定所有网卡都工作在正确的速率.
2,检查每块网卡的吞吐量,并确认其处于服务时的网络速度.
3,监控网络流量的类型,并确定适当的流量优先级策略.
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Linux System and Performance Monitoring(I/O篇)
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Linux System and Performance Monitoring(总结篇)
同事力作，原文见：http://tonnyom.yo2.cn/2009/08/13/linux-system-and-performance-monitoringnetwork%E7%AF%87/
Tags: ethtool, iptraf, linux, monitoring, netperf, performance, 监控, 网络
Posted in 操作系统, 管理工具, 网络, 运维小技巧 | 1 Comment »
